Freed et al randomly assigned 40 patients who were 34 to 75 years of age and had severe Parkinson’s disease (mean duration 14 years) to receive a transplant of nerve cells (embryonic- from foetuses) or to undergo sham surgery, all were to be followed in a double blind manner for one year.

Aim: to investigate the effect of Dopamine (embryonic) on parkinson’s disease

independent variable: embryonic neurone transplant
dependent variable: subjective global ratings of change in symtoms of Parkinson’s 

Method:

• cultured mesencephalic tissue from 4 embryos was implanted into the putamen bilaterally
• in the sham surgery- holes were drilled into the skull but the dura was not penetrated
• subjective global rating: on a scale of -3.0 to 3.0
  negative score means worsening of symptoms
  positive score means improvement in symptoms 
  
  

Results:  Human embryonic Dopamine neurone transplants survive only in patients with severe Parkinson’s disease, and in younger patients rather than older ones.

Conclusion: Dopamine is indeed linked to Parkinson’s and hence confirms the role of Dopamine in physical motivation and movements.

(Psychology)
(tag as bloae) 

A teacher goes through the need to know for ESS. It’s great for studying! It starts on page 22. There are some alternative definitions to IB terms at the end as well. 

http://blogs.4j.lane.edu/yamada/files/2009/09/IB-enviro-guide.pdf

3.6.1
Only 2.6% of the earth’s water is freshwater. Of the 2.6%, 80% is trapped in ice caps and glaciers, 0.6% is located in groundwater, and the rest is made up of lakes, soil water, atmospheric water vapor, rivers, and biota in decreasing order of storage size.

3.6.2
Uganda Water Project.
Rainwater collection tank project.
Involved the community and leaders.
Can support many families, uses a natural resource and lasts very long.
However, it is dependent on rainfall.

7.1.1
- a particular world view or set of paradigms that shapes the way an individual or group of people perceive and evaluate environmental issues. This will be influenced by cultural, economic and socio-political factors.

7.1.2
Ecocentrism: it respects the rights of nature and the dependence of humans on nature. Has a holistic view of life which is earth-centered
Anthropocentrism: nature can benefit humankind. whatever humans do, we can solve it. resources are there for us to use, and there will always be more resources to exploit.
Technocentrism: technology can keep pace with and provide solutions to environmental problems.

7.1.4
- 10,000 BP: neolithic agricultural revolution
- early 1800s: industrial revolution
- 1962: Rachel Carson publishes “silent spring” and DDT is banned
-  1975: CITES is formed
- 1986: chernobyl nuclear disaster
- 1992: kyoto protocol
- 2005: kyoto protocol becomes a legal requirement

7.1.5
Buddhist society:
    - all sentient beings share the same conditions and every living thing in the world is co-dependent.
    - we are all dependent on each other, humans cannot be more important than other living things and must extend loving-kindness and compassion not just to life but to the Earth itself.
Communism and capitalism in Germany:
    - Communism system claimed to be able to produce more wealth than capitalism and distribute it more evenly which would cure environmental degradation.
    - protected the primary producers like farmers and fishermen
    - Trabant cars emitted hundred times more carbon monoxide than a western car